The Culture Wars Against Education

Archive compiled by Historians for Peace and Democracy

Last updated: December 2023

C.  Teaching Race and Slavery

Dana Goldstein, “Final A.P. African American Studies Course Avoids Some Disputed Topics,” New York Times, December 7, 2023.

• In the face of criticism from the right of the original A.P. course and from the left on the previous revision, the College Board has produced yet another version that does mention “systemic oppression” and “systemic marginalization” but avoids talking about critical race theory and pays too little attention to issues such as mass incarceration and poverty.

Robert McCoy, “PragerU’s Propaganda Now Being Taught in Schools,” Portside, September 23, 2023.

• The distorted history curriculum produced by the for-profit company Prager U is now being taught in schools in Florida, Oklahoma and New Hampshire.

Brittany Shammas, “After Florida Restricts Black History, Churches Step Up to Teach it”, Washington Post, September 24, 2023.

• Florida churches have produced a toolkit for teaching Black history to people of all ages and over 200 churches have vowed to use it.

James Grossman, “Florida lessons teach full story of Holocaust; They shouldn’t make slavery seem benign,” Miami Herald, August 14, 2023.

• The Executive Director of the American Historical Association argues that if Florida schools can teach the full horrors of the Holocaust, they can and should do the same for slavery.

Nancy Jo Sales, “Florida wants to let a rightwing group teach history to children.  This is appalling,” The Guardian, August 10, 2023.

• PragerU, which is a private company, not a university, is providing schools with cartoon videos that downplay slavery, racism and police brutality and their use is approved by the Florida Department of Education.

Alan Singer, “Florida’s Anti-woke Black History Standards,” Daily Kos, July 23, 2023.

• A history professor details the multiple ways in which Florida’s new standards for teaching Black history distort that history as well as the history of Native Americans.

Sarah Mervosh, “DeSantis Faces Swell of Criticism over Florida’s New Standards for Black History,” New York Times, July 21, 2023.

• There has been a pushback against Florida’s new standard for Black history, which among other things, teach that slaves were able to develop skills that they could applied for their personal benefit.

Robin D. G. Kelly, “The War on Black Studies isn’t ‘Culture War’—It’s part of a long political Battle”, New York Review of Books, June 17, 2023.

• A noted African-American historian details the past history and current forms of the war on the full and truthful teaching of Black History.

Jelani Cobb, “Rob DeSantis Battles the African American AP Course and History”, The New Yorker, Jan. 29, 2023.

• Overview of Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis’s efforts since 2022 to restrict critical histories of the U.S. Focuses on restrictions to how race is taught, and on a battle over the A.P. African American studies class being offered to high school students in that state.

Eesha Pendharkar, “Florida’s Ban on AP African American Studies, Explained”, Education Week, Jan. 25, 2023.

• A deeper dive into the struggle over AP African American studies in Florida. Has useful quotes from DeSantis and Florida Sect. of Education Manny Diaz Jr.

Eesha Pendharkar, “College Board: No State Has Sway Over Final Version of AP African American Studies”, Education Week, Jan. 26, 2023.

• The College Board responds to the controversy by releasing an updated version of the AP African-American studies curriculum.

Janine Giordano Drake, Robert Cohen, “Debating the 1619 Project”, Social Education, 86:1, Jan-Feb. 2022.

• This article explores the debates around the use of the 1619 project in middle and high schools and the reasons 27 states have, wrongly in the view of the authors, forbidden its use.

Robert Cohen, “Politicians dictating what teachers can say about racism can be dangerous”, Washington Post, Feb. 3, 2022.

• Cohen examines 35 essays written by University of Georgia students in 1961 to illustrate how the failure to teach about slavery, Jim Crow and racism left students both ignorant of US history and open to racist and white supremacist ideas.

Ileana Najarro, “College Board Releases AP African American Studies Framework, Runs into Anti-CRT Laws”, Education Week, Feb. 1, 2023.

• Deep dive into the revised version of the AP class, released in February 2023 to coincide with Black History month, which omitted many of the most controversial subjects and authors that Florida’s Dept. of Education had flagged.

Henry Lewis Gates, “Who’s Afraid of Black History”, New York Times, Feb. 17, 2023.

• Gates compares the current campaign against truthful black histories with similar efforts by activist Mildred Lewis Rutherford, a major intellectual architect of the Lost Cause campaign against reconstruction in the late 19^th century. As he argues, Rutherford was fighting a kind of culture war against education in her own time, yet never wielded the power of the state as DeSantis does.

Jelani Cobb, “Rob DeSantis Battles the African American AP Course and History”, The New Yorker, Jan. 29, 2023.

• Overview of Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis’s efforts since 2022 to restrict critical histories of the U.S. Focuses on restrictions to how race is taught, and on a battle over the A.P. African American studies class being offered to high school students in that state.

Eesha Pendharkar, “Florida’s Ban on AP African American Studies, Explained”, Education Week, Jan. 25, 2023.

• A deeper dive into the struggle over AP African American studies in Florida. Has useful quotes from DeSantis and Florida Sect. of Education Manny Diaz Jr.

Eesha Pendharkar, “College Board: No State Has Sway Over Final Version of AP African American Studies”, Education Week, Jan. 26, 2023.

• The College Board responds to the controversy by releasing an updated version of the AP African-American studies curriculum.

 Janine Giordano Drake, Robert Cohen, “Debating the 1619 Project”, Social Education, 86:1, Jan-Feb. 2022.

• This article explores the debates around the use of the 1619 project in middle and high schools and the reasons 27 states have, wrongly in the view of the authors, forbidden its use.

Robert Cohen, “Politicians dictating what teachers can say about racism can be dangerous”, Washington Post, Feb. 3, 2022.

• Cohen examines 35 essays written by University of Georgia students in 1961 to illustrate how the failure to teach about slavery, Jim Crow and racism left students both ignorant of US history and open to racist and white supremacist ideas.

Ileana Najarro, “College Board Releases AP African American Studies Framework, Runs into Anti-CRT Laws”, Education Week, Feb. 1, 2023.

• Deep dive into the revised version of the AP class, released in February 2023 to coincide with Black History month, which omitted many of the most controversial subjects and authors that Florida’s Dept. of Education had flagged.

Henry Lewis Gates, “Who’s Afraid of Black History”, New York Times, Feb. 17, 2023.

• Gates compares the current campaign against truthful black histories with similar efforts by activist Mildred Lewis Rutherford, a major intellectual architect of the Lost Cause campaign against reconstruction in the late 19^th century. As he argues, Rutherford was fighting a kind of culture war against education in her own time, yet never wielded the power of the state as DeSantis does.

D.  LGBTQ+ Issues

Johanna Alonso, “Florida’s LGBTQ College Students Face a Tough Choice: Stay or Go”, Inside Higher Ed, August 8, 2023.

• A growing number of LGBTQ+ Florida high school students are considering leaving the state for college due to new state laws about curriculum and diversity and transgender rights.

Emma Brown and Peter Jamison, “The Christian Home-schooler who made ‘Parental Rights’ a GOP Rallying Cry,” Washington Post, August 29, 2023.

• Examines efforts of Michael Farris to show how taxpayer money can be funneled away from public education.

Ryan Quinn, “Despite National Pushback, West Virginia University Will Cut Faculty, Programs,” Inside Higher Ed, September 15, 2023.

• In the face of protests from within and outside WVU, the Board of Governors approved far reaching cuts in faculty and programs; among others, all foreign languages will be eliminated as will graduate courses in math and public administration

Grace Mayer, “A Standoff over Transgender Rights”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 31, 2023

• While legislators in many states seek to limit the rights of transgender youth, the Biden administration wants to protect them by including gender identity and sexual orientation in regulations that interpret Title IX, the gender equity act.

 Liam Knox, “Florida Colleges Ordered to Report Gender-care Services”, Inside Higher Ed, Jan. 18, 2023.

• All Florida public higher ed institutions must now provide information on students being treated for gender dysphoria. 

Julian Roberts-Grmela, “Public University President faces Backlash for Canceling Student Group’s Drag show,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 21, 2023.

• The president’s cancellation of a student drag show raises questions about first amendment violations.

Anni Karni, “Divided House Passes G.O.P. Bill on Hot-Button Schools Issues”, New York Times, March 23, 2023.

• House of Representatives passed a bill saying schools must get parents’ permission to use different pronouns for their children.

Omar Enczrnación, “Florida’s ‘Don’t Say Gay’ Bill is Part of the State’s Long, Shameful History,” TIME, May 12, 2022.

• Florida bill has made state “ground zero in America’s culture wars.” Critics see bill as attempt to weaponize parental rights to marginalize LGBTQ people.

Kalyn Belsha, “‘Am I not allowed to mention myself?’ Schools grapple with new restrictions on teaching about gender and sexuality,” Chalkbeat, April 12, 2022.

• First hand reports from high school students and teachers on the impact of   restrictions on teaching about gender, sexuality and especially LGBTQ issues.

Matt Lavietes, “From book bans to ‘Don’t Say Gay’ bill, LGBTQ kids feel ‘erased’ in the classroom,” NBC News, Feb 20, 2022.

• Thorough summary drawing together various attacks on queer kids and teachers       and emphasizing their focus on trans students. Highlights role of students in fighting against book bans and lobbying school board members

 Stephen Sawchuk, “What’s Driving the Push to Restrict Schools on LGBTQ Issues?” Education Week, April 19, 2022.

• Identifies the old fears about LGBTQ people and new political tools behind proposed            legislation taking aim at LGBTQ students. Emphasizes long history of push for “parent’s       rights” in schools and aggressive new rhetoric about trans       students.

Gabriel Arana, “The Republican Plot to Ban LGBTQ History in Public Schools,” The New Republic, June 28, 2021.

• State bans on teaching LGBTQ history reflect resurgence of culture-war politics and religious right’s moral panic. Bills are connected to other religious exemptions granted by the Supreme Court.

III.  Book Banning

A. Trackers and Reports

PEN America, “Banned in America: The Mounting Pressure to Censure”, September 21, 2023.

• September 2023 PEN report on book banning, 40% of which is occurring in Florida schools and libraries.

Kaitlyn Greenidge, “The Stories We Tell”, Harper’s Bazaar, September 11, 2023.

• Brief statements by the authors of many banned books, a state-by-state list of all banned books and a plea for why libraries matter.

Pen Report, “Booklash: Literary Freedom, Online Outrage and the Language of Harm”,
PenAmerica. August 7, 2023.  

• A substantial report on current debates about book banning, how the publishing industry decides what to publish and how to respond to current debates and book bans and how authors are or are not altering their work as a result.

A.O. Scott, “Everyone Likes Reading. Why are we so afraid of it?” New York Times, June 21, 2023.

• Scott explores the deep American ambivalence about reading and its potentially empowering but also subversive effects that underly the current controversies about book banning.

Hannah Natanson, “’Racist’ ‘Grooming’: Why Parents are trying to Ban So Many Picture Books”, Washington Post, July 12, 2023.

• Picture books for the youngest readers are now being increasingly attacked and banned from school libraries, with LGBTQ+ content given as the main reason.

PEN America, Book Bans.

• PEN tracker of books banned in libraries and classrooms, links to browsable and searchable index of banned books and provides form for reporting a book ban.

American Library Association, Banned and Challenged Books.

• Information and advocacy recommendations by the largest organizations combatting book banning.

Jonathan Friedman and Nadine Farid, “Banned in the USA: The Growing Movement to Censor Books in Schools,” PEN America, Sept 19, 2022:

• A comprehensive report on which books are being banned and where and on which groups are the driving force behind book banning.

 Jonathan Friedman, “This Talk May be Banned in Schools,” TEDxKC.

• Video of talk by PEN’s Jonathan Friedman about book banning. Includes many useful charts and examples of bans.

American Federation of Teachers, “On Books, Literacy and Intellectual Freedom,” February 24, 2022.

• Resolution by AFT opposing campaigns to ban books and the written word in libraries and schools, affirming collaboration with organizations and unions defending intellectual freedom, and highlighting partnerships of educators, parents, families, and students focused on high-quality preK-12 literacy and language arts.

Emily Drabinski, “The Fight for Libraries:  Libraries and higher education face a shared battle,”  Academe, May 2023.

• The President of the American Library Association argues that those in higher education should mobilize to combat book banning in public schools and libraries because that is part of a common struggle against state interference in education and free speech

American Library Association, “Library Bill of Rights”, Jan. 2019.

• The America Library Association adopted this Library Bill of Rights in 1939 and reaffirmed it most recently in 2019.

B. Public Schools

Decca Muldowney, “Meet the Woman Training Parents How to Get Books Banned”, The Daily Beast, December 2, 2023.

• A profile of Karen England, one of the leaders in the right-wing coordinated effort to ban books from K-12 schools.

Robert Samuels, “When Your Own Book Gets Caught Up in the Censorship Wars,” New Yorker, November 27, 2023.

• The author of book on George Floyd that was aimed at teenagers was invited to speak at an overwhelmingly Black high school in Memphis, Tennessee but told he could not read from the book or say anything about systemic racism. Free copies of the book, donate by Penguin Random House, could only be given away off school property.

Alan Singer, “Book Banning Moms Against Liberty”, Daily Kos, November 16, 2023.

• Moms for Liberty is campaigning to pull books from school libraries on the grounds that they contain pornographic material.  Using those criteria, they may well want to ban the Bible given its many depictions of sex and violence.

Hank Reichman, “Maybe Book Banning Isn’t So Popular After All,” Academe, November 8, 2023.

• Moms for Liberty, a key promoter of book banning and educational gag orders, suffered defeats in school board elections in Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia and other states.

Natalie op de Beeck, “Scholastic Apologizes; Will End its “Controversial Book Fair Policy,” Publishers Weekly, October 25, 2023.  

• After a public outcry, Scholastic book publishers will stop separating “diverse” books, i.e. ones that discuss race, gender and sexuality, from the rest of their school book fair offerings and making them optional.

Associated Press, “California School Bars Schoolbook Bans based on Racial and Gender Teaching,” Guardian, September 26, 2023.

• California Governor Gavin Newsom has barred schools from banning books based on how they discuss race and gender.

Bridgette Exman, “This Summer I became the Book-Banning Monster of Iowa,” New York Times, September 1, 2023.

• A school superintendent narrates her experiences deciding which books had to be removed from school libraries under a new Iowa state law.

Jordan Blumetti, “There won’t be libraries left’ How a Florida county became the book ban heartland of the US,” The Guardian, August 19, 2023.

• Article relates the story of Clay County, Florida, where Mom’s for Liberty have led a campaign that has successfully removed over 175 “objectionable” books from school shelves.

Arwa Mahdawi, “Can’t decide which books to ban?  Leave it to Chat GPT”, The Guardian, August 22, 2023.

• One Iowa school district is using ChatGPT  to find out if books describe sex acts so that they can be banned to comply with a new state law.

Adam Nichols, “Just Absurd’: Shakespeare is latest casualty of Florida’s Book Ban Law,” Alternet, August 8, 2023.

• Florida schools are no longer teaching Shakespeare plays in their entirety in order to omit parts deem raunchy or offensive.

Hannah Natanson and Dan Rosenzweig-Ziff, “Book bans may have violated student civil rights, Education Department Says,” Washington Post, May 22, 2023.

• The Civil Rights Division of the Department of Education has investigated a Georgia school district that banned 8 books with LGBTQ or minority characters and that district has restored those books.

John Self, “The ‘dangerous’ books too powerful to read,” BBC, September 21, 2022.

• This covers the long history of book banning in Europe and the US and details the most banned books since the 1982 inception of Banned Books Weeks, which occurs every September.

Carrie Levine, “All the Shelves Would Be Bare,” Portside, Feb. 20 2022.

• Overview of book banning in key right-wing states and interview with Christine Emeran, the Director of the Youth Free Expression Program of the National Coalition Against Censorship.

 Hannah Natanson, “School librarians face a new penalty in the banned-book wars: Prison,” Washington Post, May 18, 2023.

• Several states have passed laws that could sentence people for years if they provide “obscene” books to minors

Patricia Mazzei, Elizabeth A. Harris, Alexandra Alter, “Florida at Center of Debate as School Book Bans surge nationally,” New York Times, April 22, 2023.

• A survey of book banning in Florida, which has banned more books in public schools than any state except Texas, and the arguments being made pro and con.

C. Bans in Public Libraries

Ava Sasani, “Archaic’:  The Tennessee Town that made homosexuality illegal,” Guardian, November 26, 2023.

• Relying on an old law about public obscenity, the town of Murfreesboro made homosexuality illegal until the courts overturned the law. The town is also removing adult LGBTQ books from the public library. Americans Defending Freedom is the spearhead of these actions.

Jill Cowan, “They Checked Out Pride Books in Protest: It Backfired”, New York Times, July 22, 2023.

• Two people checked out all the books in the Pride display at one public library in San Diego so that they would be unavailable; in response people in the community ordered dozens of replacements from Amazon and donated them to the library.

Hannan  Natanson, “Objections to Sexual, LGBTQ content propels Book Challenges”, May 23, 2023, Washington Post,

• Far and away the major reason given for banning books is that they contain sexual content or have LGBTQ characters and themes.

2023. Tammy Kim, “When the Culture Wars Come for the Public Library”, The New Yorker, April 20, 2023.

• Kim investigates the bitter battles waged over the past several years in Flathead County Montana over what books should be in the public libraries and who should make those decisions.

Melissa Gira Grant, “Conservatives Are Trying to Ban Books in Your Town. Librarians Are Fighting Back”, The New Republic, March 16, 2023.

• Drawing on the experiences of several Michigan public libraries, this article explores how right-wing individuals and groups are urging the removal of books, often labelling them pornographic or pedophilic, harassing librarians, and in one case defunding the local library.  It offers examples of how librarians are meeting these threats by altering how books can be challenged, by rallying community support and by unionizing.

Heather Cox Richardson, “Why Rewriting History Matters: We Cannot Make Good Decisions for the Future with Inaccurate Knowledge.” Milwaukee Independent, July 26, 2021.

• Richardson explores the banning of a book about the Alamo and why such bans endanger our present and future.

IV. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI)

A.  Trackers and Reports

Ryan Quinn, “In Statehouses Tenure was Bruised, but DEI was Walloped,” Inside Higher Ed, July 21, 2023.

• Survey of largely unsuccessful efforts to end tenure, but very successful laws to ban diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives in states ranging from Texas and Florida to North Dakota, North Carolina and Idaho.

Ryan Quinn, “Defense for DEI Initiatives from a Former Trump Official,” Inside Higher Ed, July 11, 2023.

• Sonny Perdue, former Trump Secretary of Agriculture and current Chancellor of the University of Georgia, wrote a report defending DEI initiatives.

Adrienne Lu, “Republican Blitz to “Banish” College DEI Efforts fizzles in most States,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 16, 2023.

• Only 5 states have passed laws against DEI initiatives, but anti-DEI activists are optimistic that more will and many schools have preemptively limited diversity statements and other DEI programs.

Chronicle of Higher Education, “DEI Legislation Tracker”

• Regularly updated info on which states have passed anti DEI legislation or have proposed it. Regrettably it is behind a paywall; this archived version was last updated June 2023.

Eric Kelderman, “The Plan to Dismantle DEI,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 20,2023

• A survey of anti-DEI legislation developed by the Manhattan and Goldwater Institutes and being considered in several states. 

Jeffrey Sachs and Jeremy C. Young, “More than Meets the DEI”, Pen America, May 25, 2023.

• A detailed analysis of the full implications of anti-DEI legislation in Florida and Ohio and the threat they represent to university autonomy and accreditation.

Eva Surovell, “Some States Want to Ban DEI in Higher Ed. These States Want to Require It,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 5, 2023.

• New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts and Washington are requiring public colleges and universities to mandate DEI training for faculty and staff.

Kate Marijolovic, “How anti-DEI bills have already changed Higher Ed,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 13, 2023.

• Update on which states have paused any spending on DEI. 

2023. Brian Charles, “Colleges could be flooded with citizen lawsuits under proposed DEI legislation,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 30, 2023.

• Model anti-DEI legislation proposed by the Manhattan Institute contains provisions to give employees, those applying for jobs, and the general public standing to sue a higher-ed institution that they feel violates a state’s anti-DEI laws.

B.  Cases

Eric Kelderman, “Squeezed by Politics, An Accreditor’s Annual Meeting Concludes with No Votes on DEI Standard,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2023.

• The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commissions, the main accreditor for colleges in the South and a target of attacks by DeSantis, debated about requiring consideration of DEI efforts as part of the accreditation process but in the end did not vote to do so.

Maggie Hicks, “Diversity Chief at U. of South Carolina has Diversity Stripped from his Title,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 23, 2023.

• Diversity has been removed from the title of the person in charge of the DEI office but he and his staff continue to be employed.

Zachery Schermele, “Diversity Statements Get the Ax at Arizona’s Public Universities”, Chronicle of Higher Education, August 10, 2023.

• Arizona public universities can no longer require that job candidates submit a statement on how they would address diversity issues in the classroom.

Adrienne Lu, “Race on Campus: Florida’s Sweeping DEI Law Goes into Effect this Week,” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 5, 2023.

• Florida’s Senate Bill 266 forbids public colleges and universities from spending any federal or state money on DEI programs, but it is not clear exactly which programs are being targeted and which exemptions there are to comply with federal laws and accreditation requirements.

Katherine Mangan, “Race on Campus: What We Learned about one of Higher Education’s most ambitious DEI efforts,” CHE, June 27, 2023.

• Despite the University of Michigan’s well-funded DEI initiatives, Black and Native American students are still underrepresented at the Ann Arbor campus, but outreach to underfunded public schools is more promising.

Megan Zahneis, “Wisconsin Republicans Take aim at Funding for Diversity,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 14, 2023.

• Wisconsin Republicans want to cut virtually all funding for DEI initiatives in the University of Wisconsin system.

Liam Know, “DEI as an ‘Act of Resistance’”, Inside Higher Ed, June 13, 2023.

• DEI personnel in red states are developing strategies to defend their work, in some cases by dispersing responsibilities over other personnel and departments rather than having autonomous DEI programs.

Adrienne Lu, “Silence from State Officials on Florida’s New Anti DEI Law Unnerves Critics, Employees,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 26, 2023.

• Neither government officials nor university administrators have clarified how they will implement and comply with Florida’s sweeping ban on all DEI initiatives, and the legislation fails to define which constitutes a DEI initiative.

Megan Zahneis, “Diversity Statements are Under Fire: here’s What they are and How they’re used”, Chronicle of Higher Education, March 7, 2023.

• A judicious exploration of the nature of the diversity statements that many universities and colleges require faculty job applicants to submit and the controversies surrounding them.

Adrienne Lu, “Who leads America’s DEI Offices? Here are their Stories,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 19, 2023.

• Four DEI officers, two from public institutions and two from private colleges, describe their roles and the challenges they face.

Megan Zahneis, “Statehouses’ Targeting of Diversity and Tenure Is Starting to Scare Away Faculty Job Candidates”, Chronicle of Higher Education, May 5, 2023.

• Some school in states targeting DEI and tenure report that job offers are being turned down; others claim there has been no impact.

Adrienne Lu, “South Carolina Requests Colleges’ DEI Spending, Following Florida and Oklahoma”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 8, 2023.

• States increasingly ask higher ed institutions to detail any and all spending on DEI initiatives and programs. 

 Francie Diep and Emma Pettit, “DeSantis Asked Florida Universities to Detail Their Diversity Spending. Here’s How They Answered”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 19, 2023.

• A detailed picture of what Florida’s public colleges and university spend on DEI programs and personnel that shows that on average they spend less than 1% of their total budget on these.

Audra D.S. Burch, “Texas Lawmakers Pass Ban on D.E.I. Programs at State Universities”, New York Times, May 29, 2023.

• The Texas legislature banned all DEI programs at public higher ed institutions.

Megan Zahneis, “Statehouses’ Targeting of Diversity and Tenure Is Starting to Scare Away Faculty Job Candidates”, Chronicle of Higher Education, May 5, 2023.

• Some school in states targeting DEI and tenure report that job offers are being turned down; others claim there has been no impact.

C.  DEI and Academic Freedom

Adrienne Lu, “Statements are being Banned: Here’s What Might Replace Them,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 6, 2023.

• A review of debates about whether diversity statements from prospective faculty hires are a kind of loyalty oath, or a guide to how well a candidate might teach a diverse student body.

Adrienne Lu, “Race on Campus: Catch up on the roiling debate over diversity statements,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 6, 2023.

• A reading list on what diversity statement are and how universities have used them.

Stacey Hawkins, “Sometimes Diversity Trumps, Academic Freedom: Tensions Between Core Values Must Be Tested Case by Case,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 28, 2023

• Hawkins acknowledges that DEI and the right to Academic Freedom can conflict, but insists higher ed institutions should decide case by case which has priority.

Amna Khalid and Jeffrey Aaron, Snyder, “Yes, DEI can erode academic Freedom: Let’s not Pretend Otherwise,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 6, 2023.

• A critique of what the author’s label “DEI Inc.” and the ways DEI can and has conflicted with academic freedom. Academic freedom, they argue, should take priority.

V. Accreditation

Josh Moody, “Florida’s Accreditation Shuffle Begins,” Inside Higher Ed, August 30, 2023.

• A Florida Law mandates that all state colleges and universities find a different accreditor, one not approved by the Department of Education, and the federal government is letting them do so.

Pen America, “The Culture Wars are coming for College Accreditation,” PEN America, July 13, 2023.

• This PEN America report traces the increasing Republican legislators’ attacks on college accreditation organizations and the criteria they use, especially regarding DEI.

Katherine Knott, “DeSantis Challenges Constitutionality of Accreditation,” Inside Higher Ed, June 27, 2023.

• An analysis of how accreditation has been a last line of defense against state-sponsored censorship in higher education and how Governor DeSantis and the Heritage Foundation, among others, are pushing to dismantle the current system of college accreditation and its links to receiving federal education funding.

Jarrod Kelly, “The Right-Wing War on Accreditation: Republican are Irate that their Plans to Remake Higher Education are being stymied,”  Chronicle of Higher Education, March 31, 2023

• Republicans are increasingly attacking the independent accrediting agencies that determine, among other things, whether higher ed institutions are eligible for federal funding.  Republicans argue these agencies are wrongly interfering in efforts to remake public colleges and universities.

Liam Knox, “The Political Trials of a Southern Accreditor”, Inside Higher Ed, May 8, 2023.

• After Trump claimed he would “fire” the College accreditation agencies if reelected, media attention has turned to such agencies. This article discusses the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, which oversees institutions in many of the most conservative states, including Florida and Texas, and so has come under attack for its limited efforts to defend academic freedom. Adam Kissel from the Heritage Foundation justifies these attacks.

Katherine Knott, “Trump’s ‘Secret Weapon’?: college accreditation”, Inside Higher Ed, May 4, 2023

• Both Trump and DeSantis see attacking and undermining the current system of higher education accreditation as a means of winning the culture wars for the right.

VI. The Israel-Palestine debate on campus

Eric Kelderman, “Hundreds of Harvard Faculty Back the President Amid Calls for Her resignation,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 11, 2023.

• Several hundred Harvard faculty urge the Harvard Corporation to defend the autonomy of the university and not fire President Claudine Gay.

Kevin Young, “The Selective Silencing of Campus Speech,” AmherstINDY, December 11, 2023.

• The University of Massachusetts Amherst is cracking down on those who speak out against US policy toward Israel but not on those who support it, even though the latter claim they are being silenced.

Erin Gretzinger, “A Professor Started his Class at a Pro-Palestinian Demonstration; It Ended with Him in a Police Car,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 12, 2023.

• A Pomona College professor was arrested at a pro-Palestinian rally on campus.

Nicholas Confessore, “As Fury Erupts Over Campus Antisemitism, Conservatives Seize the Moment”, New York Times, December 10, 2023.

• Republicans are now focusing their attack on higher education and especially lite universities on their response to rising antisemitism and their failure to censure anti-Semitic speech even though they have censored other forms of hate speech.

Stephanie Saul, Alan Blinder, Anemona Hartocollis and Maureen Farrell, “Penn’s Leadership Resigns Amid Controversies Over Antisemitism,” New York Times, December 9, 2023.

• Penn President M. Elizabeth Magill and Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Scott L. Bok resigned in face of criticism from donors, politicians, and alumni about what they said or failed to say about the Israel-Hamas war and antisemitism.

Megan Zahneis, “House Committee Will Investigate Harvard, Penn and M. I. T. after Presidents Testified on Antisemitism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 7, 2023.

• The House Committee on Education and the Workforce has announced that it will formally investigate Harvard, Penn and M. I. T. to see if they have encouraged or failed to counteract antisemitism on their campuses.

Sukaina Hirji and Serene J. Khader, “Stop Scolding Student Protesters,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 7, 2023.

• The authors argue that protesting students who defend Palestinians are not immoral but rather are raising moral concerns that should be listened to.

Katherine Knott, “The Fallout: What the Antisemitism Hearings Could Mean for Higher Education,” Inside Higher Ed, December 7, 2023.

• Short statements from  a dozen university administrators, headings of higher education organization, professors and the head of the ADL about the congressional hearings with the presidents of Penn, Harvard and M. I. T.

Megan Zahneis, “After President’s Remarks on Antisemitism, Penn Should Consider her Future, State’s Governor Says,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2023.

• Democratic Governor Josh Shapiro called the remarks of Penn President McGill “shameful” and urged the Penn Board on which Shapiro is a nonvoting member, to meet soon to consider how to respond.

Anemona Hartocollis, “Republicans Try to Put Harvard, M. I. T. and Penn on the Defensive About Antisemitism”, New York Times, December 5, 2023

• At a hearing in the House of Representatives, Republicans grilled the presidents of three elite universities about their responses to antisemitism in the wake of the October 7 Hamas attack and blamed universities for sowing the seeds of antisemitism long before that.

Kathryn Palmer, “Pushback Against Lawmaker’s Calls for Antisemitism Inquiry,” Inside Higher Ed, December 4, 2023.

• Faculty at Indiana University argue that the call by Congressman Jim Banks’s threat to withhold federal funds if the IU does not hold an inquiry into alleged antisemitism on campus is an infringement on academic freedom.

Andrew Marantz, “Columbia Suspended Pro-Palestine Student Groups; The Faculty Revolted,” New Yorker, December 2, 2023.

• A detailed and judicious account of what happened when the administration of Columbia University suspended the campus organizations of Jewish Voice for Peace and Students for Justice in Palestine.

Sarah Weissman, “UC Faculty Members Oppose ‘Viewpoint Neutral’ Middle East History,” Inside Higher Ed, December 1, 2023.

• Faculty in the University of California system criticize the President of the US system for unilaterally creating a new, ostensibly neutral program in Middle East history without consulting faculty who teach about that region.

Shachar Pinsker and Arie M. Dubnov, “Toxicity Doesn’t Rule the Hamas-Israel Debate on U.S. College Campuses,” Ha’aretz, November 26, 2023.

• Two Jewish-Israeli scholars teaching in the U.S. insist that debate on Israel-Hamas is not confrontational on most campuses but rather constructive and argue that censorship is dangerous.

Rabea Eghbariah, “Harvard Law Review Refused to Run this Piece about Genocide in Gaza”, The Nation, November 21, 2023.

• The editors of the Harvard Law Review refused to publish a solicited and edited article by a Palestinian lawyer just before it was to be published.  They felt it might offend some editors as well as lead to a public backlash against editors.  The unpublished article is included in the Nation piece.

Katherine Knott, “House Republicans Blame DEI Programs for Campus Antisemitism,” Inside Higher Ed, November 15, 2023.

• House Republicans hold hearing and blame DEI programs for neglecting Jewish students and promoting antisemitism and urge that they be defunded and abolished.

AAUP, “Polarizing Times Demand Robust Academic Freedom,” AAUP website, November 15, 2023.

• The American Association of University Professors’ statement in defense of academic freedom during the controversies around the Israel-Hamas war.

Lila Corwin Berman and Benjamin Soskis, “The Dangers of Donor Revolt,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 13, 2023.

• This article explores how the power of donors to interfere in college hiring and curriculum has increased greatly during  the Israel-Hamas war  and why this is dangerous.

Geoff Shullenberger, “War and the Collapse of the Campus Speech Consensus”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 9, 2023.

• Traces the last six years of controversies on campuses over which speech should be prohibited and which protected.

John Tarleton, “After a Wave of Protest, Hunter College Reverses Israel Movie,” Popular Resistance, Popular Resistance, November 25, 2023.

• In the face of protests from the faculty union and PEN America, Hunter College reversed its ban on showing the film Israelism, about young U.S. Jews who became critical of Israel’s treatment of Palestinian after visiting Israel.

Maggie Hicks, “The Israel-Hamas War is Escalating. Colleges are Caught in the Middle,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 7, 2023.

• A survey of the conflicts over the Israel-Hamas war that are roiling campuses across the country.

Maggie Hicks, “A Deep Rift Over Israel Divides Columbia’s Faculty,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 2, 2023.

• An analysis of the pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli letters from the divided faculty at a divided university.

Nell Gluckman, “To Speak at This University You Must Agree Not to Boycott Israel,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 2, 2023.

• Due to a state law saying that no state institution can enter into a contract with anyone boycotting Israel, speakers invited to the University of Arkansas must sign a pledge that they are not boycotting Israel.

Executive Committee, University of Pennsylvania Chapter, AAUP, “On Threats to Academic Freedom, University Governance and Safety at the University of Pennsylvania,” Academe, October 31, 2023.

• The U Penn AAUP argues that the recent actions of trustees, donors and higher administrators has violated academic freedom and shared governance, created an atmosphere of fear, and devalued Palestinian, Muslim, and Arab members of the community.

Johanna Alonso and Kathryn Palmer, “Fear and Anger Spread Across Campuses as Protesters Rhetoric and Actions Escalate,” Inside Higher Ed, October 27, 2023.

• Examples of how colleges are trying to balance making students feel safe and protecting free speech in situations where it is largely Jewish students who feel unsafe and supporters of Palestine who are speaking out.

Karin Fischer, “Candidates, Elected Officials Threaten to Revoke Visas of Protesters,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 25, 2023.

• Governor Ron DeSantis, candidate Donald Trump and several Republican Senators, including Tim Scott think foreign students who support Hamas or express solidarity with Palestinians should have their student visas revoked.

Karin Fischer, “The Third Rail of Higher Ed?  Some College Presidents struggle to Find the Right Words to Say about the Israel-Hamas Conflict; Others Have Opted Not to Speak at All,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 18, 2023.

• A survey of which college presidents have spoken out on the Israel-Hamas conflict and how, which have remained silent, and how all responses have been criticized by faculty, students, donors and politicians.

PEN America, “Guidance on Campus Free Speech amid Controversies and Protests Related to Israel and Gaza,” October 18, 2023.

• A useful short guide to protecting free speech and encouraging constructive debate.

Calli McMurray, “Amid Firestorm over Statements on Israel, some Presidents Criticize their Counterparts,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 13, 2023.

• On criticisms of Harvard and Stanford presidents by conservative colleagues for ostensibly not sufficiently condemning Hamas.

VII. Analyses

 A.  Academic Freedom and Free Speech

American Council on Higher Education, Pen America, “Making the Case for Academic Freedom and Institutional Autonomy in a Challenging Political Environment,” September 2023.

• Collaborative guide for campus leaders to assist them make the case for intellectual freedom and institutional autonomy in education, and how to combat efforts of right-wing activists and elected officials’ to impose restrictions on American education.

Patricia Okker, “I was President of Florida’s New College; Then I was Fired”, Chronicle of Higher Education, July 20, 2023.

• Patricia Okker, former president of New College in Florida, shares the lessons she learned from her experience fighting to protect academic freedom at her institution. This fight, it should be noted, she ultimately lost.

Steven Brint, “The Political Machine Behind the War on Academic Freedom”, Chronicle of Higher Education, August 28, 2023.

• An in-depth analysis of how legislation against so-called “divisive concepts” and DEI works its way through state legislatures, with special focus on the roles of the American Legislative Exchange Council, the Heritage Foundation, and the Manhattan and Goldwater Institutes.

Emma Pettit, “Who Should Shape What Colleges Teach? Not the government, most Americans say,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 14, 2023.

• A survey of over 1000 adults found similar views across the political spectrum about the colleges determining their own curriculum, but Democrats viewed colleges and universities much more positively than did Republicans, who worry they negatively influence students’ politics.

Eduardo Peñalver, “Statehouses, not Student Activists, are the Real Threat to Free Speech”, Chronicle of Higher Education, May 17, 2023.

• This essay argues against educational gag orders as the main threat to free speech on campus while insisting on the need for civil discourse and diverse viewpoints and speakers.

Katherine Knott, “Republicans: Free Speech is Under Attack,”  Inside Higher Ed, March 30, 2023.

• In March 2023 the House of Representatives Higher Education Committee held hearing on the state of free speech on college campuses and debated possible laws to protect what Republicans see as threats to religious and conservative viewpoints.

Sigal Ben-Porath and Megan Bogia, “Academic Freedom shouldn’t be a Privilege of Wealth: Poor Schools are much more vulnerable to State Interference,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 13, 2023.

• Explains how pubic higher ed institutions that relay mostly on state funding are much more susceptible to conservative state interference than those that succeed in raising private funds. Those which are financially precarious are more likely to take private donations with conservative restrictions attached.

James Grossmann and Jeremy C. Young, “The Integrity of History Education”, Inside Higher Ed, Jan. 23, 2023.

• Legislation targeting the teaching of history and social studies in K-12 is impacting the integrity of history in colleges and universities.

Colleen Flaherty, “An Affront to Open Discourse,” Inside Higher Ed, Jun 9, 2022. 

• Report on PEN and American Association of Colleges and Universities conference and joint statement on educational gag orders. Useful overview with links to key documents.

B.  Censorship

Nell Gluckman, “This is how Censorship Happens,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 3, 2023.

• Vague laws in states like Idaho, Florida and Iowa that ban divisive concepts and topics lead administrators and their legal advisors to interpret them more precisely (and usually stringently) and leave faculty unsure of what they can say and how much risk they want to assume.

Ashley L. White, “The State of Education Censorship in Institutions of Higher Ed and Implications for the Field,” NAACP & American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, October 25, 2022.

• This survey outlining current educational censorship by examining themes underlying proposed and enacted legislation with a focus on institutions of higher education but including implications for K-12.

Julia Boechat Machado and Ruben Zeeman, “Censoring History goes Hand in Hand with Democratic Backsliding,” History News Network, March 19, 2023.

• This article looks at the censorship of history in Florida, Brazil, India and the Philippines and show that these efforts correlate directly with a decline of the democratic status of these states.

 Timothy Snyder, “The War on History Is a War on Democracy,” New York Times, June 29, 2021

• Provocative piece drawing parallels with Stalinist historiography and current Russian memory laws on the one hand and ed gag orders on the others. Argues cannot understand Holocaust without analyzing systemic racism, nor can one understand contemporary U.S.

Megan Zahneis “The Real Source of Self-Censorship?” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 22, 2023.

• Several surveys suggest fear of peer reaction is the main source of student self-censorship on issues of race, gender, religion, sexual orientation and politics.

Emma Pettit, “Power Shift: The student-professor Power Dynamic has Shifted. That Makes Many Faculty Members Nervous,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 5, 2023.

• Explores the shifting balance of power between students and professors in the culture wars as students object to everything from religious images and “divisive concepts” to the use of terms deemed offensive to racial and sexual minorities. University administrations are called upon to adjudicate these conflicts.

Nell Gluckman, “This is How Censorship Happens: How Vague Laws and Heightened Fears are Creating a repressive Climate on Campus,”  Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb 2, 2023

• Vague and sweeping laws about divisive concepts, anti-DEI, anti-WOKE as well as laws outlawing abortion in several states are leading college administrators to, in their words, “prudently manage risk” by urging faculty to avoid controversial subjects.

C.  Historical Precedents and Comparisons

Matthew Smith, “Was a Utah District’s Decision to Remove the Bible from Shelves a Win for the Anti-Anti-Woke? History Says Maybe Not,” History News Network, June 25, 2023.

• The banning of the Bible from one Utah district’s school libraries for containing “sensitive content” is only the most recent of many school controversies about the Bible going back to the nineteenth century.

Bill Greer, “New York’s Education Wars a Century Ago Show How Content Restrictions Can Backfire.” History News Network, June 25, 2023.

• The post-World War I Red Scare led to the prosecution of high school history teachers and New York state laws requiring loyalty oaths and restricting teaching about Bolshevism before a pushback from Governor Al Smith and teachers overthrew those laws.

Ellen Schrecker, Yes, These Bills are the New McCarthyism,” Academe Blog, Sept 12, 2021.

• Laws banning teaching of CRT and other “divisive concepts” mark the return of McCarthyism, but with a broader purview than their historical predecessors.

Ellen Schrecker, “The 50 Year War on Higher Education,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 14, 2022.

• Analyzes the roots of the current war on education to the 1960s and the culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s with particular attention to the roles of Ronald Reagan and Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr.

Brianna Lebuskes,  “America Fought Its Own Battle Over Books Before it Fought the Nazis,” History News Network, Feb. 22, 2023.

• Recounts the World War II controversy between Senator Taft, who wanted to limit the books provided to US soldiers abroad and General Eisenhower and President Roosevelt  who opposed all censorship.

Tara W. Hunter, “The Long History of Conservative Indoctrination in Florida Schools,” The Nation, Feb. 27, 2023

• Focuses on the “Americanism vs Communism” course designed by educators, legislators, and private citizens representing the Florida Bar Committee, Florida Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the American Legion and a graduation requirement for all Florida high school students from 1962-1991.

David K. Johnson, “The shameful history of the Lavender Scare echoes today”, Washington Post, April 27, 2023.

• In the face of current attacks on LGBTQ+ people and rights, Johnson argues for the importance of teaching about the 1950s persecution of homosexuals in the government.

Jonathan Friedman, “Goodbye Red Scare, Hello Ed Scare, Inside Higher Ed, Feb 24, 2022.

• Traces the spread of legislation to regulate curriculum from K-12 into higher ed and urges    professors and administrators to combat these threats.

AskHistorians Podcast, “The Silencing of Anti-Racist Educators in New York City in the Mid-20^th Century,” Episode 184, October 21, 2021.

• Educators in Harlem and Brooklyn who attempted to address racism in NYC’s curriculum and school system were targeted by anti-communists.

David Austin Walsh, “The Last Time Democrats Tried to Combat a Slippery Concept Like ‘CRT’” Slate, Nov 19, 2021.

• How liberal anti-communists bought into McCarthyism and its lessons for politics today.

D. Public Education

Nora de la Cour, “Religious Charter Schools Undermine the Foundations of Public Education,” Jacobin, October 2023.

• The state of Oklahoma has granted to grant a charter for St Isidore of Seville Catholic Virtual School (SISCVS), which will be operated by the archdiocese of Oklahoma City and the diocese of Tulsa, even though this violated the state constitution and its Charter Schools Act.

Laura Meckler, Peter Jamison, Emily Guskin and Scott Clement, “Home Schooling Today is less Religious and More Diverse, Poll finds,” Washington Post, September 26, 2023.

• A recent survey showed that rather than religion, home-schoolers today are likely to be motivated by fear of school shootings, anxiety over bullying and anger with the perceived encroachment of politics into public schools.

Trip Gabriel and Nichols Nehamas, “Where’s ‘Woke?’ Republicans Test a Different Education Message,” New York Times, August 28, 2023.

• Instead of attacking “wokeness,” as DeSantis is doing, other Republican presidential candidates are emphasizing school choice, attacking teachers’ unions and advocating abolishing the Department of Education.

Emma Brown and Peter Jamison, “A Christian Home-schooler who made ‘Parental Rights’ a GOP Rallying Cry,” Washington Post, August 29, 2023.

• Examines efforts of Michael Farris to show how taxpayer money can be funneled away from public education.

Ryan Quinn, “Despite National Pushback, West Virginia University Will Cut Faculty, Programs,” Inside Higher Ed, September 15, 2023.

• In the face of protests from within and outside WVU, the Board of Governors approved far reaching cuts in faculty and programs; among others, all foreign languages will be eliminated as will graduate courses in math and public administration

Emma Pettit, “Scholars see dangerous precedent in West Virginia U’s plan to cut foreign languages,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 22, 2023.

• Academics fear that other colleges facing financial problems will follow the example of West Virginia University and stop teaching all foreign languages, even though at WVU foreign language departments bring in more money via enrollment in their courses than it costs to run those departments.

Laura Meckler, “For Many Home Schoolers, Parent are no longer doing the teaching,” Washington Post, August 17, 2023.

• A growing number of home schoolers are no longer taught by their parents but rather attend for-profit micro schools which are unregulated and may or may not employ qualified teachers.

Neal Hutchens and Frank Fernandez, “Are We Losing the ‘Public’ in Public Higher Ed?” Inside Higher Ed, June 29, 2023.

• Some public universities are now buying for-profit schools in the hope of reversing declining enrollment trends. The University of Idaho, for example, purchased the online for-profit University of Phoenix.

Randi Weingarten and Jonah Edelman, “Extremists Are Using Lies to Undermine America’s Public Schools: We Need to Take a Stand,” Time, April 29, 2022.

• The president of the American Federation of Teachers and the CEO of Stand for  Children expose the coordinated national campaign of Christopher Rufo, Fox News and right-wing politicians to attack the legitimacy of public education and replace it with a universal voucher system.

Jamelle Bouie,”Democrats, You can’t ignore the culture wars anymore,” New York Times, April 22, 2022.

• Argues that educational gag orders and attacks on LGBTQ rights are an attack on key public goods and urges Democrats to actively combat them.

Heather C. McGhee and Victor Ray, “School is for Making Citizens,” New York Times, Sept 1, 2022.

• Outlines attack on critical and balanced history education, such as in the Freedom Schools of civil rights era, and how such attacks prevent students from becoming educated citizens and are part of broad effort to create mistrust in public education.

Karin Fischer, “The Return of College as a Public Good: Americans Increasingly See the Public Value of Higher Ed.  Can Colleges Seize the Moment?”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 3, 2022.

• Report covering the 1980s to the present on attitudes of parents, students, college administrators and politicians about whether the government should pay substantially for higher ed because it is a public good or whether students and parents should, because it is a private benefit.

Sarah Jaffe, How the Attack on Teachers Threatens the future of Public Schools,” Rethinking Schools, vol. 36, no. 3.

• Argues that over half a million public school educators have quit since 2020 due not only   to the pandemic and ongoing low pay and overwork but also and equally to political attacks, disrespect.

 Chris Rufo, “Laying Siege to the Institutions”, Hillsdale College Youtube, April 5, 2022.

• Video of a Rufo lecture at conservative Christian Hillsdale College in which he lays out the full right-wing attack on what he sees as leftist control of education, DEI, teaching on gender. He advocates to both control public education and create alternatives to it.

Brian Jones, Race, class, and the attack on public education: Still separate, still unequal,” International Socialist Review, 2016-17.

• A useful background article on the attacks on public education that preceded the current culture wars when self-described reformers promoted charter schools, attacked teachers’ unions and claimed thereby to champion racial justice.

Daniel T. Gresham, “Review of Heath Brown, Homeschooling the Right: How Conservative Education Activism Erodes the State,” European Journal of American Studies, 2021

• A review of a book on the history of the home schooling movement and how it both reflects and reinforces the conservatism of its participants and erodes public education.

VIII. Contemporary Case Studies

A. Florida: Epicenter of the Culture Wars

 1.  DeSantis and the Florida legislature

Margot Susca, Chaya Tong, and Alex Angle, “Why Faculty Member are Fleeing Florida,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6 , 2023.

• Anecdotal and quantitative information about the increasing rate at which professors are leaving the majority of public colleges and universities in the Florida system.

AAUP Special Committee, “Political Interference and Academic Freedom in Florida,” AAUP, December 6, 2023.

• A detailed report on Florida’s interference in higher education, including the restructuring of New College, presidential appointments, violations of AAUP governance standards and multiple violations of academic freedom, including interference in curriculum and attacks on tenure, unions, and LGBTQ rights

Tara W. Hunter, “If ‘Woke’ Dies, Our Nation’s Truths Die With It,” Hammer and Hope, 2 (Summer 2023).

• Historian Tara Hunter reflects in depth on how DeSantis’s Stop Woke legislation makes it impossible to teach the history of slavery accurately.

Stephanie Saul, “In Florida’s Hot Political Climate Some Faculty Have Had Enough,” New York Times, December 4, 2023.

• Liberal faculty are deciding to leave Florida Universities due to educational gag orders and state government interference in what can be taught.

Dana Goldstein, “Florida approves Classical Learning Test for College Admissions,” New York Times, ‘September 8, 2023.

• Instead of the SAT or ACT tests, college applicants in Florida may now take the Classical Learning Test which emphasize classical and Christian reading selection and has been used mainly in Christian schools.

Nicholas Confessore, “How Ron DeSantis joined the ‘Ruling Class’ and turned against it”. New York Times, August 20, 2023.

• An extensive investigative report on how DeSantis embraced and benefitted from his education at Yale and Harvard Law School before rhetorically turning against these institutions and the ruling class he says they embody.

Alan Singer, “How Racist is the Florida Curriculum? Ask Leo and Layla,” Daily Kos,
August 20, 2023.

• Florida Department of Education has approved of the use in schools of right-wing history cartoons created by the for-profit company PragerU. An example of how the white cartoon characters Leo and Layla teach about Frederick Douglas is provided.

Jonathan Feingold, “Florida Gov. DeSantis leads the GOP’s national charge against public education with lessons on race and sexual orientation,” The Conversation, Jan. 18, 2023.

• Feingold analyzes DeSantis’s attack on everything he labels woke and argues that DeSantis denies there are any systemic injustices in the U.S. and repeats arguments of those defending segregation in in the twentieth century. 

Francie Diep and Emma Pettit, “What’s Happening in Florida,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 30, 2023.

• A report on the efforts of DeSantis and the state legislature to gather information on all people, programs, salaries and communications involved in DEI work.

David Waldstreicher, “The Forgotten Ron DeSantis Book”, The Atlantic, Feb. 22. 2023

• A review of DeSantis’s Dreams of Our Founding Fathers, which lays out his originalist interpretation of the constitution.

Emma Pettit, “How a Center for Civic Education became a political Provocation: Behind the Scenes of a Controversial Effort to Combat ‘Uniformity’ at the University of Florida”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 22, 2023.

• Pettit explores the outside organizations and aims of the University of Florida’s Hamilton Center for Classical and Civic Education, the most recent of such centers established outside departments and usual academic procedures and aimed at teaching a positive view of Western Civilization.

Jonathan Feingold, “Florida Gov. DeSantis leads the GOP’s national charge against public education with lessons on race and sexual orientation,” The Conversation, Jan. 18, 2023.

• Feingold analyzes DeSantis’s attack on everything he labels woke and argues that DeSantis denies there are any systemic injustices in the U.S. and repeats arguments of those defending segregation in in the twentieth century. 

Francie Diep and Emma Pettit, “What’s Happening in Florida,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 30, 2023.

• A report on the efforts of DeSantis and the state legislature to gather information on all people, programs, salaries and communications involved in DEI work.

David Waldstreicher, “The Forgotten Ron DeSantis Book”, The Atlantic, Feb. 22. 2023

• A review of DeSantis’s Dreams of Our Founding Fathers, which lays out his originalist interpretation of the constitution.

 Emma Pettit, “How a Center for Civic Education became a political Provocation: Behind the Scenes of a Controversial Effort to Combat ‘Uniformity’ at the University of Florida”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 22, 2023.

• Pettit explores the outside organizations and aims of the University of Florida’s Hamilton Center for Classical and Civic Education, the most recent of such centers established outside departments and usual academic procedures and aimed at teaching a positive view of Western Civilization.

Keith E. Whittington, “DeSantis’s Terrifying Plot Against Higher Ed:  Even Conservatives Should Oppose the Florida Governor,” Chronical of Higher Education, Feb. 27, 2023

• A critique of Florida’s House Bill 999 which prohibits programs gender studies or critical race theory, prohibits teaching “identity politics” and “unproven theories” in general education courses, bans espousal of diversity, equity and inclusion measures, and give University presidents and boards of trustees increased power to hire and fire faculty.

David Smith, “Fewer Pronouns, More Guns: Ron DeSantis’s Plan to turn the US into Florida,” Guardian, April 10, 2023.

• This article situates DeSantis’s culture war policies in his larger agenda of selling Florida as a popular pro freedom and prosperous state. It analyzes who benefits and suffers from the Florida model and questions its potential popularity elsewhere.

Washington Post Editorial Board, “Freedom is under Assault in Ron DeSantis’s Florida,” Washington Post, April 13, 2023

• Lays out the multiple attacks on freedom of the press, free enterprise, freedom to teach and learn, reproductive rights and immigrants that DeSantis is implementing in Florida and hopes to implement nationwide.

Eva Surovell, “Diversity Spending Is Banned in Florida’s Public Colleges,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 15, 2023.

• Florida bans spending on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion initiative and bans colleges from offering general-education courses that “distort significant historical events,” teach “identity politics,” or are “based on theories that systemic racism, sexism, oppression, or privilege are inherent in the institutions of the United States.”

 Eva Surovell, “Florida Lawmakers want oversight of invited speakers on public college campuses”, Chronicle of Higher Education, May 12, 2023.

• Florida legislation requires public colleges to hold at least 4 public events per year that offer a diversity of perspectives.  They must report on all such events, including attendance and cost.

2.  Book Bans

Eesha Pendharkar, “There’s Confusion over Book Bans in Florida,” Education Week, March 16, 2023.

• Florida HB 1467 requires all school districts to When Duval County did so and removed a biography of Roberto Clemente there was a national uproar and DeSantis and his aides blamed the school district for overreacting and claimed it only wanted “pornographic” books banned.

Hannah Natanson, “Hide Your Books to avoid Felony Charges, Fla. Schools Tell Teachers”, Washington Post, Jan. 31, 2023.

• Florida HB 1467 requires all school districts to have a trained media specialist review all books before allowing them back on library shelves. An older law mandates that If teachers or librarians provide students with inappropriate or obscene material, they could face up to 5 years in jail or a $5000 fine.

3.  New College

Josh Moody, “New College Florida Seeks $400 million for its Conservative Transformation,” Inside Higher Ed, November 14, 2023.

• New College Florida asked for $400 million—or over $500,000 for each of its 700 students– to carry out its conservative transformation. The Florida Board of Governors supported this, but New College faculty oppose it.

Josh Moody, “The Administrative Overhaul of New College Florida,” Inside Higher Ed, September 19, 2023.

• New College Florida is hiring administrators with no experience in higher education but close ties to the Republican Party.

Emma Pettit, “New College of Florida’s Board Starts to Dismantle Gender Studies Program,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 11, 2023.

• More from New College, this time on the elimination of the gender studies program at New College by De Santis appointee and conservative activist Chris Rufo, following similar efforts to fire and dismantle the College’s DEI office. More than 1/3 of faculty have reportedly left since the changes to the College’s governance structure.

Megan Zahneis, “A Visiting Professor at New College of Florida drew the Ire of a Trustee and now he’s out of a Job,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13, 2023.

• History professor Erik Wallenberg was not renewed after publicly criticizing efforts by DeSantis and the administration and trustees of New College to turn it into a conservative Christian institution similar to Hillsdale College

Benjamin Wallace-Wells, “What is Ron DeSantis Doing to Florida’s Public Liberal Arts College,”  New Yorker, Feb. 22, 2023.

• Wallace-Wells details DeSantis’ efforts to remake fundamentally the board of trustees, administration, faculty, curriculum and culture of New College, a small public progressive liberal arts institution in the face of extensive faculty and student opposition.

Tom Bartlett, “A Professor at New College of Florida Quits in Dramatic Fashion: Here’s Why He Felt he had to,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 2, 2023.

• An interview with Matt Lepinski, Associate Professor of Computer Science, faculty chairman and member of the board of Trustees at New College, resigned from all his positions saying he is concerned about the direction in which the board is leading the college.

 Michelle Goldberg, “This Is What the Right-Wing Takeover of a Progressive College Looks Like”, New York Times, April 29, 2023.

• Op-ed on the dramatic changes in New College Florida that its new right-wing board of trustees has implemented.

Katherine Joyce, “The Florida of Today Is the America of Tomorrow”: Ron DeSantis’s New College Takeover Is Just the Beginning of the Right’s Higher Ed Crusade”, Vanity Fair, Feb. 10, 2023.

• A detailed analysis of how DeSantis wants to turn New College into a version of conservative, Christian Hillsdale College and make it a model for rightwing educational reform Nationwide.  Christopher Rufo, prominent Manhattan Institute culture warrior is a key ally in this effort.

4.  Academic Freedom

American Association of University Professors, “Preliminary Report of the Special Committee on Academic Freedom in Florida”, May 25, 2023.

• Based on interviews with Florida faculty and others, this preliminary report analyzes the serious threats to academic freedom at Florida colleges and universities resulting from recent Florida legislation, the take-over of New College, the failure of college administrations to fight back and self-censorship.

Glenn C. Altschuler and David Wippman, “Florida is trying to roll back a century of gains for academic freedom”, Washington Post, Feb. 6, 2023.

• Summarizes pending Florida legislation and then details the history of academic freedom in the US and why such legislation would nullify it. 

5.  Funding

Andrew Cockburn, “Swamplandia: The money behind DeSantis’ populist façade”, Harpers, Feb. 2023.

• An investigation of the money behind DeSantis and his populist self-presentation.

Alyssa Bowen and Caitlin Mahoney, “DeSantis Board of Education Nominees are Steeped in Far Right Dark Money”, Truthout, April 24, 2023.

• The dark-money funded extremists appointed to the board by Ron DeSantis will wield power over Florida’s K-12 schools.

6.  Reactions from higher ed personnel

Megan Zahneis, “‘Washing Dirty Linen in Public’: Florida International U.’s Faculty Senate Votes No Confidence in Its Chair,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 5, 2023.

• Members of Florida International University’s Faculty Senate voted no confidence in its chair, arguing that she did not strongly represent the interests of the faculty in conflicts surrounding educational gag orders and attacks on academic freedom.

Tom Bartlett, “Shame on You’:  Over Fiery Protests Florida’s New College Trustees Deny 5 Tenure Bids”, Chronicle of Higher Education, April 26, 202

• New College Board of Trustees turn down 5 tenure cases in face of faculty and student protest. The faculty representative on the board announced he was quitting that post and leaving New College.

Paul Ortiz, “Good News: Stop WOKE Act (HB 7) temporarily halted, but Tenure still under threat”, United Faculty of Florida, Nov. 28, 2022.

• In November 2022, a Florida judge issued a temporary injunction against HB7 the Stop WOKE Act. Link to the full court ruling is provided.

 United Faculty of Florida, “Statement on the ‘Viewpoint Discrimination’ Survey: Do Not Participate!”, United Faculty of Florida, April 3, 2022

• United Faculty of Florida statement urging all faculty, students and staff not to fill out the viewpoint survey being circulated by all public higher ed institutions that ask about people’s religious and political views and what they think those of others are.

McKenna Schueler, “Florida unions file lawsuits over DeSantis’ union-busting bill and prepare for fight ahead,” Orlando Weekly, May 12, 2023.

• Florida Education Association, the United Faculty of Florida, the United Faculty of Florida at the University of Florida, and the Alachua County Education Association file law suit against DeSantis’s legislation limiting the rights of union members.

Josh Moody, “The Silence of Florida’s Presidents”, Inside Higher Ed, March 31, 2023

• None of the 40 presidents of Florida’s colleges and universities are willing to speak out publicly about HB999 and other DeSantis reforms. 

B. K-12 schools

Charles Homans, “How a Sexual Assault Case in a School Bathroom became a Political Weapon,” New York Times, August 8, 2023.

• A sexual assault case in a Virginia school was used by the right to attack and reverse transgender friendly policies in schools.

Nicole Carr and Lucas Waldron, “How School Board Meetings became Flashpoint for Anger and Chaos across the Country,” ProPublica, July 19, 2023.

• An investigation of 90 incidents at school board meetings that involved shouting, threats to board members, and physical fights. Overwhelmingly these occurred in suburban and white school districts.

Linda Meckler, “Florida schools drop AP Psychology after state says it violates the law,” Washington Post, August 9, 2023.

• After Florida Educational Commissioner first banned reaching of the AP Psychology course, he said it could be used if sections on sexual orientation and gender identity were excluded. Most school districts are no longer offering AP Psychology.

Nicole Carr, “The Student Protesters were Arrested: The Man Who Got Violent in the Parking Lot wasn’t,” Propublica, May 13, 2023.

• There have been ongoing protests by students outside one Arkansas town’s school board meetings which were considering restrictive policies regarding transgender students.

Blake Jones, “Angry Parents protest the Religious Right in a Southern California School District,” Politico, July 10, 2023.

• After three right-wing school board members in Temecula, California banned critical race theory and discussion of gay activist Harvey Milk, parents are organizing a recall vote.

John Lundberg, “It’s Time to defend the History of all Texans”, Texas Observer, June 21, 2023

• A retired billionaire is suing the Texas State Historical Society to prevent its Board from meeting and the academics on it from presenting a more inclusive view of Texas history that focuses on more than Anglos.

Nicole Carr, “How Parents Outraged by Library Books, Diversity Initiatives and Sex Ed Transformed One New Jersey School Board,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 3, 2023.

• Contentious and rhetorically violent school board meetings in Wayne, New Jersey over diversity, book bans and sex education.

Dan Petrella and Rick Pearson, “Conservatives are targeting suburban school boards. And the elections are becoming political battlegrounds”, Chicago Tribune, March 26, 2023.

• Deep investigative reporting on the contentious school board elections in several Chicago suburbs.  It lays out the range of concerns, the involvement of local, state and national right wing organizations and PACs and the response of the Illinois Democratic Party.

Sue Halpern, “The Fight for the Soul of a School Board”, The New Yorker, May 18, 2023.

• An in-depth investigation of the battle over book bans in public schools in Nixa, Missouri

. Elle Reeve and Samantha Guff, “Activist moms spy on each other in culture wars over schooling”, CNN, May 20, 2023

• Colorado battles between Moms for Liberty and their opponents.

Hannah Natanson, “‘Slavery was wrong’ and 5 other things some educators won’t teach anymore”, Washington Post, March 6, 2023.

• Many teachers surveyed said they no longer teach such topics and books as slavery was bad, a data base on police violence and Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women because of parent protest or new state laws.

John Willingham, “What’s Driving the latest Texas History Wars?” History News Network, Oct. 2, 2022.

• For a decade, pro charter school, pro school choice and Christian Nationalist PACs have gained increasing influence on the Texas State Board of Education and blocked any social studies curriculum that proposed critical and accurate history.

Anna Merod, “Study: Anti-CRT campaigns impact districts with 35% of nation’s students”, K-12 Dive, Jan. 21, 2022

• A survey of the broad impact of anti-CRT campaigns in K-12 schools and the co-ordinated methods used to spread them.  

Ashley Stalnecker, “Hempfield board advances policies limiting sexually explicit content in school libraries“, Lancaster Online, May 10, 2023

• Part of a series of articles about the battle over whether the Hempfield Pennsylvania school board should ban books.  Parents were involved on both sides, while students protested any bans.

 Olivia B. Waxman, “Critical Race Theory Is Simply the Latest Bogeyman.’ Inside the Fight Over What Kids Learn About America’s History,” TIME, July 16, 2021

• Detailed investigation about how battles around CRT and books played out in one Missouri school district.

 Megan O’Matz, “What Increasingly Partisan and Venomous Wisconsin School Board Races Reveal About American Elections,” ProPublica, April 1, 2022.

• Analyzes how local conservative activists and national figures like Steve Bannon have transformed Wisconsin school board elections, which previously focused on taxes and teacher pay, into bitter partisan battles over personnel, curriculum and parents’ rights.

Jeremy Schwartz, “A Push to Remove LGBTQ Books in One County Could Signal Rising Partisanship on School Boards,” ProPublica, Feb 7, 2022.

• Reconstructs the years long and successful efforts of far-right Christian conservatives in Hood County Texas to win seats on school and library boards, get books, mainly with LGBTQ themes, removed from school libraries, and harass teachers and librarians until they quit in fear.

Timothy Messer-Kruse, “Anti-Critical Race Theory and Neo- McCarthyism,” Counterpunch, June 18, 2021.

• Uses the career of Ohio State Representative Sarah Fowler Arthur to illustrate how right-wing conservatives in Ohio are trying (so far unsuccessfully) to revamp the K-12 curriculum by eliminating references to fair play, the common good, and environmentalism among other terms and labeling the US a constitutional republic not a democracy.

Stephen Jackson, “Standards of Revision: Partisan Politics Comes to South Dakota’s Schools,” Perspectives on History, October 26, 2022.

• Jackson, a history professor, participated in the South Dakota K-12 social studies revision process, helping write a document that incorporated indigenous voices and emphasized critical thinking. The state Dept. of Education and governor first rewrote the report, then appointed a new revision committee with few teachers and produced a third version with no indigenous voices and an emphasis on memorization.

David Goodman, “How A Christian Phone Company Became a Rising Force in Texas Politics,” New York Times, October 6, 2022.

• Investigates how the Patriot Mobile phone company became a major funder of conservative candidates for school boards in Tarrant County Texas; they went on to ban books and force out teachers and a principle.

Nicole Carr, “White Parents Rallied to Chase Black Educator Out of Town. Then, They Followed Her to the Next One,” ProPublica, June 16, 2022.

• Traces the successful campaign by white conservatives to fire an experienced Black educator who was hired to direct Diversity, Equity and Inclusion initiatives in the Cherokee County Georgia school district

C. Higher Education

Megan Zehneis and Audrey Williams June, “In these Red States, Professors are eying the Exits,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 8, 2023.

• In the face of restrictive state legislation about teaching, professors in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and Texas are increasingly seeking other jobs and wouldn’t recommend that academics seek positions in their states.

Helen Huiskes, “A Widely Criticized Higher Ed Overhaul in Ohio May Soon Become Law,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 28, 2023.

• The Ohio legislature has folded language into the state budget, which, if passed, will prohibit higher ed DEI initiatives, limit faculty unions, institute stringent post tenure reviews and require that all students take US history.  Ohio college and university presidents have protested.

Erin Gretzinger, “What Really Happened in Texas A and M’s Two High Profile Controversies? An Investigative Report Explains,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 2, 2023.

• There was extensive involvement by high level state and university officials in the altering of the terms of an offer to a Black woman journalist to head the journalism school and the censuring of an assistant professor for ostensibly making derogatory remarks about the Texas Lt. Governor.

Adrienne Lu, “Are Public Colleges in Texas Still Allowed to Celebrate Pride Month? Depends Who You Ask,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 29, 2023.

• A vague anti-DEI law in Texas leave colleges unsure which programs, serving LGBTQ and minority students can continue to function.

Ryan Quinn, “Arizona State Instructor Followed and Injured by Turning Point USA
Crew,” Inside Higher Ed, October 14, 2023.

• A queer instructor harassed and assaulted by members of Turning Point USA, a right-wing group.

Johanna Alonso, “Two Missouri Universities Halt Treatments for Transgender youth,” inside Higher Ed, September 15, 2023.

• Two university affiliated hospitals in Missouri, including Washington University, have stopped all treatments for transgender youth patients.

Katherine Knott, “Education Department Affirms Exemption of Baylor from Protecting Gay Students from Harassment. Or Did It?”,  Inside Higher Ed, August 11, 2023.

• The Biden administration has said Baylor University can be exempted from protecting LGBTQ+ students from harassment if it can show that offering such protection would conflict with their religious (Baptist) tenets.

Katie Hidalgo Bellows, “Governor tells Public Colleges the Drag Show Must Not Go On,” CHE, June 13 2023.

• South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem wants the Board of Regents to ban drag shows at all public higher education institutions as well as any reference to preferred pronouns.

Josh Moody, “A Tale of 3 Governors”: Inside Higher Ed, March 8, 2023

• Surveys the common patterns in the ways that the GOP Governors of Florida, Texas and Virginia have used attacks on higher education to rally their base, and so burnish their conservative bona fides in preparation for the 2024 Presidential race.

 Liam Knox, “North Carolina at the Crossroads,” Inside Higher Ed, March 7, 2023.

• A review of multiple cases in which the University of North Carolina Board of Governors, which is appointed by the Republican- majority General Assembly, has been accused of overreach and political interference, such as when it has closed centers on poverty and environmental issues and fast-tracked a School of Civic Life and Leadership against faculty opposition.

Ryan Quinn, “A Policy Violation or Free Speech?”, Inside Higher Ed, Mar. 8, 2023

• Indiana University faculty members who wrote to state legislators opposing proposed restrictions on abortion were told by the University’s leadership that the letter was a “policy violation” and were threatened with disciplinary action.

Karen Marijolovic, “North Dakota Just Enacted a ‘Specified Concepts’ Bill. Here’s What It Says”, Chronicle of Higher Education, April 25, 2023.

• North Dakota passed a bill outlawing DEI training for personnel in public higher ed and such personnel cannot be asked about their ideological and political views or disciplined if they disagree with any of 16 statements about race, gender and sexuality laid out in the bill.

 Chelsea Long, “When Diversity became a Bad Word”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 25, 2023.

• Battles around DEI at the University of South Dakota.

Jennifer Ruth, “Academic Freedom and Diversity, Equity and Inclusion”, Academe Blog, Jan. 13, 2021.

• Article on Hamline firing of adjunct who show an image of Mohammed painted by a Muslim that is a classic of art history.

 The Univ. of Minnesota Tenure-Stream Art History Faculty, “Art History Faculty Statement on Recent Events at Hamline University”, Academe Blog, Jan. 23, 2023.

• Statement by Art Department of the University of Minnesota on the firing of Hamline art professor for showing an image of Mohammed.

Karin Fischer, “A Playbook for Knocking Down Higher Ed: A Decade Ago Wisconsin’s Governor Made Higher Edge a Wedge Issue. Now His Approach has Gone National,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 18, 2022.

• Analysis of the attack on the budgets, personnel, curriculum and autonomy of Wisconsin’s public universities and colleges by Governor Scott Walker (2011-19), why it garnered so much support and how it has been taken up elsewhere.

Daniel Golden and Kirsten Berg, The Other Cancel Culture: How a Public University Is Bowing to a Conservative Crusade” ProPublica, June 29, 2022.

• Explores how Boise State University’s administration has changed policies in the face of attacks from the Idaho legislature and school alums.

Eric Kelderman, “How Mitch Daniels Made Perdue a University Conservatives Can Love”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 9. 2023.

• A very positive review of Mitch Daniel’s term as president of Perdue University, where he froze tuition, greatly increased STEM majors, adopted the Chicago principles on free speech and weakened shared governance by forcing through a mandatory civic literacy requirement against the wishes of the faculty senate.

IX.  Educational Labor

A.  Teachers respond to the Culture Wars

Madeline Will, “Teachers’ Unions Vow to Defend Members in Critical Race Theory Fight,” Education Week, July 06, 2021.

• Report on NEA-AFT statements and actions regarding educational gag orders.

John Nichols, “Randi Weingarten Rips CRT Critics for ‘Trying to Stop Us From Teaching Students Accurate History,’” The Nation, July 9, 2021.

• AFT President Randi Weingarten’s attack on criticisms of CRT, their meaning, and the            reactions to them.

 Juan Perez Jr, “Teacher unions push back on debate over critical race theory,” Politico, July 6, 2021.

• Report on NEA approval of funds to investigate conservative groups that are attacking        educators and to publicize accurate information about CRT.

 Virginia Myers, “Anti-racist education benefits all of us,” American Federation of Teachers, July 7, 2021.

• Coverage of event with Ibram X. Kendi and AFT about the connection between anti-racism and education, and emphasizing importance of teaching about racism to national healing and progress.

Becky Pringle, “Our children deserve to known the trust. Honest education can’t leave out race and racism,” USA Today, June 29, 2021.

• Op-ed by National Education Association President and middle school teacher, Becky Pringle, on efforts to deny students their right to truthful and honest education and how this fearmongering is an attempt to district from politicians’ failures to address structural problems in the school system.

Amanda Litvinov, “‘It’s Freedom We’re Fighting For,’” NEA Today, July 4, 2022.

• NEA Executive Director Kim Anderson explains how the connection between public education and democracy makes educators key to defending social and political freedoms. Calls on educators, students, and parents to counteract efforts to privatize public education.

 Ryan Quinn, “Hundreds of UNC Professors oppose ‘overreach’”,  Inside Higher Ed, April 28, 2023.

• Professors at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill protest excessive interventions by the state legislature, the UNC Board of Governors and the Chapel Hill Board of Trustees.

B.  Tenure under attack

Heather Hollingsworth, “Conservatives take aim at tenure for university professors”, Associated Press, Jan. 9, 2023.

• An overview of attacks on tenure by Hollingsworth.

Jacques Berlinerblu, ”They’ve been Scheming to cut tenure for years: We’re in the execution phase of the profession’s demise”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 3, 2023.

• A review of the long decline of tenured/tenure trade faculty and rise of the non-TT full time faculty that blames not only donors, boards of trustees, and administrators for this but also t/tt faculty who have collaborated in the creation of this class of academic workers, failed to show solidarity with the non T/TT and organize.

Jennifer Ruth, “The Increasingly Authoritarian War on Tenure”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 23, 2022.

• Explores Texas Lt. Gov, Dan Patrick’s attacks on tenure and argues that his claims are not based on evidence.

Ryan Quinn,  “Firing Tenured Faculty with No Appeal Right,”  Inside Higher Ed, Jan. 26, 2023.

• Report on proposed North Dakota legislation to give university presidents of public institutions the power to review and fire tenured faculty who would have no right of appeal.

Ryan Quinn, “Faculty Expresses Fear of Firing”, Inside Higher Ed, Jan. 24, 2023.

• West Virginia Faculty fear threats to Tenure from new Post tenure Reviews.

Jack Dura, “North Dakota Senate defeats Bill to Change faculty tenure at Bismarck State and Dickinson State”, The Bismarck Tribune, March 31, 2023

• Account of the narrow defeat in ND State Senate of House Bill 1446, which would have made it easier for University administrators to fire tenured faculty.

Sergio Martinez-Beltrán, “Public Universities could no longer offer tenure for professors under Texas Senate Bill,” Texas Public Radio, March 30, 2023

• Reports on the proposed Texas State Senate Bill 18 that would end tenure entirely in that state, set in the context of DeSantis and Dan Patrick’s efforts to bring academics to heel who have insisted on their freedom to research and teach without political oversight.

Emma Pettit, “Florida’s Public-University Board Approves Firing Poorly Performing Tenured Professors”,  Chronicle of Higher Education, March 29, 2023.

• Florida’s governing board extends and makes uniform the state’s new post-tenure review process for its public universities. Critics claim it will turn tenure into a five-year contract, and discourage talented faculty from coming to the state.

Kate McGee, “An effort to ban faculty tenure in public universities has failed in the Texas Legislature”, Texas Tribune, May 27, 2023.

• The Texas State Senate voted to end tenure with SB18 (see above), but the State House of Representatives refused to go along and instead passed a bill enshrining tenure in state law. The Senate accepted this.

Ryan Quinn, “Lacking Collective Bargaining Rights but Organizing Anyway,” Inside Higher Ed, March 1, 2023.

• United Campus Workers Union is seeking to organize both faculty and staff into a single, wall-to-wall bargaining unit on campuses where both lack collective bargaining rights. 

X.  Right-wing Culture Warriors

A.  Funding

Maurice T. Cunningham, “Merchants of Deception: Parent Props and their Funders”, Network for Public Education, Feb. 2023.

• A detailed expose of the funding, leading personnel, media connections, and false “creation stories” of conservative Astroturf organizations Parents Defending Education, Mom For Liberty and No Left Turn in Education and the neoliberal pro charter school, anti-union National Parents Union.

 Walter Bragman, “‘Grassroots’ Parents’ Rights Groups gets Big Mystery Money”, Important Context, Feb. 27, 2023.

• Bragman explores how the ostensibly grassroots Moms For Liberty was widely promoted by right-wing media and has close ties to such conservative groups as the Council for National Policy, the Leadership Institute, the Heritage Foundation and Turning Point USA. Its most recent 990 tax form, required of all 501(c)4 organizations revealed that 60% of its $370,000 in revenue came from 5 anonymous donors.

Ralph Wilson and Isaac Kamola, “Koch’s Campus Free Speech Ploy”, The Progressive Magazine, Nov. 19, 2021.

• The ultra-libertarian Koch donor network claims there is a free speech crisis on campuses that marginalizes conservative voices and pours money into combatting this.

Matthew Cunningham-Cook, “How Wall Street is Funding the Culture War,” The Lever, September 13, 2022.

• Analyzes the individuals, including hedge fund managers Paul Singer and John Paulson, who sit on the board of the Manhattan Institute, for which Christopher Rufo works, and have donated generously to it.

Edward Graham, “Who is Behind Attacks on Educators and Public Schools,” NEAToday, December 14, 2021.

• Surveys the small groups who are leading the attack on discussions of race, history, and gender, and the conservative funders who support them.

Maurice Cunningham, “Koch Connections and Sham Grassroots of Parents Defending Education,” Mass Politics Profs, April 12, 2021.

• Lays out the top down funding and leadership of Parents Defending Education and its close connections with Moms for Liberty and No Left Turn in Education.

Little Sis, www.LittleSis.org

• Free database that maps connections between wealth foundations and individuals and organizations. Useful for funding of right-wing culture warriors, but requires one to sign up for an account.

B.  Organizations and their Activities

Katherine Stewart, “The Claremont Institute: The Anti-Democracy Think Tank,” The New Republic, August 10, 2023.

• An in depth investigation of the Claremont Institute and it extreme right and anti-democratic views that have become more and more influential among many Republicans.

Steven Brint, “The Political Machine Behind the War on Academic Freedom,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 28, 2023.

• An in depth analysis of how legislation against so-called “divisive concepts” and DEI works its way through state legislatures, with special focus on the roles of the American Legislative Exchange Council, the Heritage Foundation, and the Manhattan and Goldwater Institutes.

Adam Gabbatt, “Well-funded Christian Groups behind US Effort to Roll back LGBTQ+ Rights,” The Guardian, June 19, 2023

• An investigation of activities and influence of the Alliance Defending Freedom, which for the last three decades has been working to outlaw abortion, end gay marriage and limit trans rights.

Jason Wilson, “Moms for Liberty listed as ‘anti-government’ group by extremism watchdog,” The Guardian, June 6, 2023.

• The Southern Poverty Law Center has listed Moms for Liberty as an anti-government extremist group for its efforts to ban discussions of race and gender as well as books and for harassing and intimidating teachers and school officials.

Hannah Knowles and Hannah Natanson, “Moms for Liberty Didn’t Exist 3 Years Ago; Now it is a GOP Kingmaker,” Washington Post, June 30,2023.

• Reports on the attendance by five GOP presidential candidates—including Trump and DeSantis—at a Moms for Liberty summit in Philadelphia. The influence of the group on national education policy, and the viability of education as an issue that motivates voters, will be tested in 2024.

Jonathan Weisman, “Moms for Liberty’s School Board Antagonism Draws GOP Heavyweights,” New York Times, June 9, 2023.

• A companion to the article above, this NYT piece describes how the organization’s “Joyful Warriors” summit was attracting support from GOP presidential frontrunners, despite the recent use of a quote by Adolf Hitler to promote the group’s work in Hamilton County, Indiana.

James Grossman and Jeremy C. Young, “To understand the history wars, follow the paper trail,” The Hill, July 5, 2021.

• Investigates the individuals and organizations which are writing the anti-CRT and divisive concept bills, the similar language used and the lack of knowledge of local curriculum 

American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)

David Armaik, “ALEC Claims Credit for Voter Suppression and Anti-Critical Race Theory Laws at Secret Meeting,” Exposed by CMD, Sept 7, 2021.

• Report on a meeting of the Christian-right Council for National Policy at which ALEC claimed credit for drawing up laws prohibiting teaching the history of racism, as well as laws enabling voter suppression.

Don Weiner and Alex Kotch, “ALEC Inspires Lawmakers to File Anti-Critical Race Theory Bills,” Exposed by CMD, July 27, 2021.

• Report on a 2020 ALEC workshop for state legislators, corporate lobbyists, and staff of right-wing institutes and foundations to teach how to draw up bill against teaching about race and gender.

Manhattan Institute

Benjamin Wallace-Wells, “How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict Over Critical Race Theory,” New Yorker, June 18 2021.

• The Manhattan Institute is home to Christopher Rufo, who has redefined critical race theory to serve as a political weapon for the conservative culture war.

Hillsdale College

Timothy Messer-Kruse, “Patriotic Education,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 5, 2021.

• Analyzes the Hillsdale 1776 Curriculum.

Adam Laats, “How Conservative Colleges Win the Culture Wars: Academic-Freedom Crackdowns get the Headlines but the Real Fight is Elsewhere,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 24, 2022.

• Examines how Hillsdale College and its Hillsdale 1776 Curriculum has become the leader in providing a conservative, patriotic, Christian version of US history for charter and religious schools and home schooling.

Emma Green, “The Christian Liberal Arts School at the Heart of the Culture Wars,”  New Yorker, April 3, 2023.

• The history, mission and curriculum of Hillsdale College and the politics of its leadership.

Megan Threlkeld, “Hillsdale College’s New Strategy in the School Wars Merges Curriculum and Privatization through ‘Choice’”, History News Network,  Jan. 8, 2023.

• Provides a detailed discussion of Hillsdale’s 1776 social studies and history curriculum, which is used in all their charter schools and 50 others and argues that Hillsdale, unlike those who promoted a patriotic education in the Progressive era, are waging a war against public education.

1776 Project Political Action Committee, https://1776projectpac.com

• Describes itself as dedicated to electing school board members nationwide who want to promote patriotism and pride in American history and abolish critical race theory and the 1619 Project from public school curricula.

Leadership Institute (Virginia), “School Board Campaign Training”

• The Leadership Institute runs training programs for conservative who want to win school board elections. 

Moms for Liberty

Paige Williams, “The Right-Wing Mothers Fueling the School-Board Wars,” New Yorker, October 31, 2022.

• A detailed reconstruction of the multiple tactics used by Moms for Liberty in a white, affluent suburban Nashville school district to attack a widely used English and Language Arts curriculum, the district superintendent and diversity consultants.

“Moms for Liberty,” GLAAD Accountability Project.

• Succinct overview of the founders, funders, goals and activism of Moms for Liberty by GLAAD which monitors misinformation about LGBTQ people.

Olivia Little, “Unmasking Moms for Liberty,” MediaMatters, Nov 12, 2021.

• Very thorough analysis of structure of Moms for Liberty and connections to right-wing foundations and GOP.

Tyler Kingkade, “Moms for Liberty’s conservative activists are planning their next move: Taking over school boards” NBCNews, July 17, 2022.

• Report on the first national summit of Moms for Liberty (195 chapters in 37 states) and the Republican politicians promoting the organization and its agenda.

Laura Jedeed, “Moms for Liberty Has Created Nightmares for Schools Across the Country,” The New Republic, May 31, 20

• Investigates the multipronged Moms for Liberty strategy to shape curriculum and ban books as well as elect right-wing candidates and in the long run, undermine public education by implementing school choice.

Tim Craig, “Moms for Liberty has turned ‘parental rights’ into a rallying cry for conservative parents,” Washington Post, Oct 15, 2021.

• Uses Brevard County Florida as an example of how the staunchly conservative Moms for Liberty grew by weaponizing parental rights and attacking curriculum, books, and covid  policies.

XI. What is to be Done?

A.  What is being Done

Laura Meckler, Hannah Natanson and John D. Harden, “Liberals Try to Reclaim ‘Parents’ Rights’ from Conservatives in Education”, Washington Post, June 12, 2023

• Survey of growing progressive organizing against right-wing efforts to ban books, censure curriculum, and control school boards.  Groups include Stop Moms for Liberty, Red, Wine and Blue, and Defense of Democracy.

Jesse Hagopian, “History is a Human Right”, Portside, June 5, 2023.

• Report by a Seattle high school teacher about plans for the Teach Truth National Day of Action held on June 10, 2023, and why defending teaching accurate history is so important

AAUP, “Pernell v. Lamb,” AAUP, June 23, 2023.

• The AAUP filed an amicus brief in the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in support of Florida faculty who are challenging the state’s “Stop WOKE” Act.

Pen America, “Pen America sues Escambia County School District”, May 17, 2023.

• Pen America sues a Florida school district over book ban. Link to YouTube video statement.

Jennifer Berkshire, “How to Fight Back Against the Right’s ‘Parents’ Rights’ Moral Panic”, The Nation, May 5, 2023.

• An analysis of how the right is using the slogan of parental rights to ban books, determine curricula and control school board and how in several states, including red ones, coalitions have successfully defeated these efforts.

Tovia Smith, “Plot twist: Activists skirt book bans with guerrilla giveaways and pop-up libraries”, NPR, March 23, 2023.

• Activists are combatting book bans by giving away free books and setting up little free libraries on streets and pop up banned book nooks in ice cream parlors.

American Historical Association, “AHA testimony before legislatures and school boards”.

• Examples of historians’ testimonies before state departments of education and school boards re: teaching honest history. Includes audio links to that testimony.

Ryan Quinn, “A Teach-In on Race, in DeSantis’s Backyard”, Inside Higher Ed, May 23, 2023.

• Report on a 24-hour teach-in by current and former professors, K-12 teachers, and others, who lectured online and in person at St. Petersburg’s Greater Mt. Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church.

Greg Sargent, “The blue Midwest is where DeSantis’s school crackdowns ‘go to die’”, Washington Post, Feb. 3, 2023.

• This opinion piece explores efforts of Democratic governors in the Midwest to resist the anti-woke agenda of DeSantis and others and defend the unrestricted teaching of US history.

AAPF, Books Unbanned: From Freedom Riders to Freedoms Readers:

• The African American Policy Forum campaign to combat book banning included a Books Unbanned Bus Tour through the Midwest and South, cosponsored by the Transformative Justice Coalition and Black Voters Matter. The AAPF is now setting up Books Unbanned Book Clubs.

Maria Touré, “Brooklyn’s Library Seeks to Slip Books through Red State Bans” Portside, Sept. 28, 2022

• Report on Brooklyn Public Library program that lends thousands of ebooks to students and adults in places where they are banned.

 Valerie Strauss, “Teachers across the country protest laws restricting lessons on racism,” Washington Post, June 12,2020.

• Examples of local teachers’ actions against educational gag orders as well as activism of NEA and Zinn Education Project.

Adrienne Lu, “Education Professors React to Divisive-Concepts Laws,” Chronicle of Higher Ed, April 25, 2022.

• How Education School faculty are pushing back against educational gag orders.

Tim Walker, “Educators Fight Back Against Gag Orders, Book Bans and Intimidation,” NEA Today, July 28, 2022.

• Coverage of educators’ responses to legislative efforts to restrict teaching about racism, LGBTQ+ issues and other “divisive concepts,” as well as targeted harassment of educators.

“Teachers Refuse to Lie to Students,” Zinn Education Project, Feb 15, 2022.

• More than 8K teachers have signed the pledge to teach history honesty as an act of resistance to GOP bills. Includes some of the pledges.

 Kathryn Joyce, “Fighting back against CRT Panic: Educators organize around the threat to academic freedom, ” Salon, March 7, 2022.

• Interview with AAPF’s Sumi Cho about Truth Be Told initiative and Faculty Senate     Resolutions.

Southern Poverty Law Center, “Cousins et al. v. The School Board of Orange County et. al., ” Filed July 25, 2022.

• SPLC’s litigation on behalf of some Florida parents and children against Florida’s HB 1557, commonly referred to as the “Don’t Say Gay” law, which, the complaint argues, violates free speech, due process and equal protection under laws.

Margaret Power, “Historians Mobilize to Fight Back Against Right-wing Attacks”, History News Network, Feb. 6, 2023.

• Outlines the activities Historians for Peace and Democracy has taken to combat educational gag orders and book bans.

B.  How to get Active

Red Wine and Blue

This is a women’s organization that helps women organize in their communities.  Busting book bans is one of their main issues.

Historians on Call

• Historians-on-Call is a joint campaign with Historians for Peace and Democracy and the Zinn Education Project in which scholars volunteer to act in solidarity with local educators, librarians, and school board members under fire due to anti-CRT/divisive concepts campaigns and legislation.

Zinn Education Project,  “Right-Wing Campaign to Block Teaching for Social Justice,” September 30, 2022 (regularly updated):.

• Suggests multiple ways to respond

National Council for the Social Studies

• Provides basic information on how social studies educators can engage in activism.

African American Policy Forum, “#TruthBeTold Campaign.”

• Information on their academic freedom petition and faculty senate resolutions campaign including information about how to get involved.

New Jersey Public Education Coalition

• A non-partisan group of educators, administrators, municipal leaders, parents, and concerned citizens who seek to protect public schools and communities from right-wig extremism.

STOP Moms for Liberty (National)

• A Facebook group coordinating local and state groups which are combatting the efforts of Moms for Liberty to take over public schools.

 Red Wine & Blue

• A group organizing suburban moms in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and Michigan to fight against right-wing extremist take overs of public schools.

Defense of Democracy

• A nonpartisan organization fighting against those seeking to infuse public schools with a Christian nationalist agenda. Active in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kansan, Michigan, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania.

Education Truth Project, Petition to state legislators to pass laws prohibiting book banning, May 2023.

• If you want your state legislature to pass a law banning book banning, as Illinois has done, contact the Education Truth Project, which is launching a national petition campaign to get other states to punish public institutions that ban books.

 National Education Association, “Bargaining for the Common Good”

• Outlines how education union members can unite with community people and organization if they bargain collectively for such things as smaller classes, equitable disciplinary policies and less testing.

Jennifer Ruth and Ellen Schrecker, “Faculty, You Have Power! Use It!,” Academe Blog, February 14, 2022

• Argues that faculty are not powerless in responding to crises of the academy. In addition to lobbying, emailing politicians, and writing op-eds and letters, faculty need to take collective action to demonstrate united opposition to interference in academic freedom

 The Authors’ Guild, “Join Us to Stop Book Banning,” Dec 3, 2021 (updated May 10, 2022).

• Provides sample letters to school and library boards and local and state representatives as well as templates for op-eds to oppose book bans.

Brendan Cantwell, “The Culture War has Come for Higher Ed,” Chronicle of Higher Ed, July 12, 2021.

• A plea for college faculty and administrations to acknowledge that there is a culture war, to tell the truth, defend faculty of color and push back against educational gag orders and attacks on tenure.

Higher Ed Labor United

• A national organization committed to reforming higher ed by, among other things, reducing contingent labor and defending academic freedom.

C.  Resources for Teaching and Activism

Palestine Legal, “Legal Resources for Activists Advocating for Palestine Across the U.S.,”

• This website offers legal advice for those who are advocating for Palestine and are being harassed, doxed, etc.

Zinn Education Project, “Teach the Black Freedom Struggle Online Classes,” July 31, 2023.

• The Zinn Education Project is running online classes on teaching Black history; they meet once a month.

American Historical Association, “Criteria for Standards in History/Social Studies/Social Sciences”, 2019.

• Useful guide for those evaluating history/social studies standards and testifying before school boards and state departments of education.

 Zinn Education Project, Teaching Materials.

• Provides an abundance of resources for all periods of US history, covering multiple themes and divided by grade levels. Resources include articles, books, audio, websites, and films as well as teaching activities.

American Historical Association, “Teaching History with Integrity,”

• The largest US professional association of historians provides resources and support for history educators facing intensifying controversies over the teaching of US history.

American Historical Association, “A Snapshot of the Public’s Views on History” August 30, 2021.

• Summary of survey about public attitudes toward what history is and how it should be taught. Full report and data can be downloaded here

Southern Poverty Law Center, Know Your Rights: Students and LGBTQ Rights at School.

• Lays out the legal rights which LGBTQ students have, explains how to document and seek redress from a school if they are violated and provides a link to the SPLC if further action is needed.

Scholars for a New Deal in Higher Education, “Tools and Resources”, 2023

• Toolkits on how to write op-eds; how to give faculty senates can organize presentations on academic freedom, the crisis in higher education, and student debt; and how to organize conference presentations about the challenges facing higher education.

 Megan Threkeld, “Teaching the History Wars,” Perspectives on History, April 18, 2023.

• A professor of history at Denison University explains why it is important to teach the history of history wars and how she does so.  

American Council on Education and Pen America, “Making the Case for Academic Freedom in a Challenging Political Environment: A Resource Guide for Campus Leaders”, Feb. 24, 2023.

• The ACE and Pen America have provided a resource guide for campus leaders and a brief overview thereof for faculty and other university stakeholders on what academic freedom is and how to defend it from current attacks.

NEA Ed Justice “Racial Justice in Education Resource Guide,” Jan 2021.

• Provides resources about and practical ways to sharpen teachers’ analysis of race, and effectively discuss race in the classroom.

PEN America, Campus Free Speech Guide.

• This guide provides resources for administrators, faculty and students on issues ranging from academic freedom, discrimination and harassment and hateful speech to invited speakers and campus protests.

 PEN America, Free Expression Advocacy Institutes.

• PEN offers online multi-week programs to help students understand and act in defense of free expression.

 American Historical Association, Teaching Resources for Historians.

• Provides classroom materials for K-12 and higher ed organized by topic (e.g. local history, empire, political history, food and food ways), by resource type (e.g. digitalized primary sources and teaching modules) and by approaches to teaching (e.g. globalizing U.S. survey and supporting K-12 teaching.)

UC National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement.

• Provides research and resources relating to free speech as well as a list of fellows working on this issue.

 Learn from History

• Provides guides for school system leaders and school board members on how to combat misinformation and defend the accurate teaching of history and social studies.

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